NANOTECHNOLOGY-ENABLED DELIVERY OF PHYTOCHEMICALS FOR METABOLIC DISORDERS: FROM MECHANISMS TO CLINICAL POTENTIAL

Metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases, represent a major global health challenge characterized by complex and interrelated pathophysiological mechanisms such as insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lipid metabolism. Phytochemicals derived from natural sources have gained considerable attention due to their multifaceted therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and lipid-lowering effects. However, their clinical application is often limited by poor solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and lack of targeted delivery. Nanotechnology-enabled drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations by enhancing the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of phytochemicals. Preclinical studies have demonstrated significant improvements in glycemic control, lipid regulation, and reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, while emerging clinical evidence supports their potential translational value. Despite these advancements, challenges related to large-scale manufacturing, regulatory approval, longterm safety, and cost-effectiveness remain critical considerations. Overall, nanotechnology-enabled delivery of phytochemicals represents a transformative approach in the management of metabolic disorders, offering enhanced efficacy, targeted action, and improved patient compliance, with significant potential for future clinical and industrial applications